Ketamine Injection 50ml

COMPOSITION
Ketamine (as hydrochloride) 100 mg/mL.

ACTIONS
Ketamine is classified as a dissociative anaesthetic by virtue of its concurrent activation of the limbic system and depression of the thalamocortical nucleus. Anaesthesia results paradoxically from stimulation of the central nervous system, producing a loss of sensory perception or response and a cataleptic state. Ketamine produces better somatic than visceral anaesthesia, a characteristic related to the different innervation of those sites.
The pharmacological mechanisms involved are complex and vary between species. Stage III anaesthesia is not reached under ketamine alone. When major surgery is undertaken, ketamine must be supplemented by gaseous or barbiturate anaesthetics or muscle relaxant agents.
Ketamine causes cardiac stimulation and thus offsets the cardiopulmonary depressant effects of the centrally acting muscle relaxant, xylazine. Ketamine increases cardiac output, mean aortic pressure, central venous pressure and myocardial consumption of oxygen.
Antagonism of ketamine has been reported experimentally by combinations of l-amphetamine and yohimbine, and of 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine. The mechanism of action has been postulated as a release of central neural dopamine and noradrenaline.

INDICATIONS
A dissociative anaesthetic, for use alone or in combination with muscle relaxants or tranquillisers in horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, goats, reptiles, birds, wombats, koalas, kangaroos, camels and deer.

PRESENTATION
50 mL sterile multidose glass vial.

STORAGE
Store below 30°C (room temperature). Protect from light. To avoid microbial contamination, use the contents of the vial within 24 hours of initial broaching and discard any unused portion.

CONTRAINDICATIONS
Ketamine is contraindicated for use in animals with renal insufficiency, hypovolaemia, a history of epilepsy, cardiovascular insufficiency, myocardial damage or cardiac arrhythmia, cerebral trauma or intracranial lesions or for major surgery unless supplemented by gaseous or barbiturate anaesthetics or muscles relaxants.

PRECAUTIONS
Ketamine has beens how to cross the placenta and depression of neonates may occur if ketamine is used for induction of anaesthesia alone for caesarean section.
Withholding Period Meat Food producing mammals: 28 days. Poultry: do not use in birds that may be used or processed for human consumption.
Eggs Do not use in birds that are producing or may in the future produce eggs that may be used or processed for human consumption.
Milk 7 days (14 milkings).